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On the interior fire risk analysis and fire prevention measures
[添加时间] 2011/12/12 [访问量] 3052 [返回] |
Abstract: With the improvement of living standards, the pursuit of elegant, beautiful, comfortable, clean indoor environment has become a social trend, increasingly high requirements for interior decoration, interior decoration fires caused an upward trend. but arouse the concern of the fire department as well as society as a whole.
The rapid development of science and technology, economic construction to improve people's material and cultural living standards, which also brought unprecedented prosperity of the interior decoration industry. From hotel to hotel, from shopping malls to ballroom, from shop to residential, from a tall building to the ground, almost all of the buildings are brilliant to decorate their own, but more and more high-end, luxury and style. However, in the process of creating a brilliant interior decoration has also brought serious fire insurance risks. "Interior decoration of buildings for fire protection design requirements, design of interior decoration, including the roof, walls, ground, cut off the renovation, as well as fixed furniture, curtains, tent curtain, bedspread, furniture, wrapping cloth, fixed accessories, etc. in the civil. Many different types of decoration materials, such textile Qiangbu, plastic wallpaper, plastic decoration, Gaisu, board, chemical fiber. While combustible interior decoration decoration materials aesthetic role of a serious fire hazard, In addition, some of the buildings interior decoration design, construction personnel fire safety consciousness, lack of fire safety knowledge they simply decoration works appearance, ignoring fire safety requirements, often with a lot of flammable combustible materials, decoration, so planted to the building the Congenital fire hazards, and thus fire prevention work to bring about a new subject.
December 25, 2000, Luoyang City, Henan East commercial (dance hall) caused by welding sparks fire decoration materials, result in fire, death of 309 people. The United States, 50th floor, New York hotels, a large number of plastic, the building's exterior walls with foam insulation, wall decorated for the polyethylene plate, inside the compartment layer of polyethylene, polystyrene foam production, indoor furniture, chairs and sofas are filled with natural foam latex and soft polyurethane foam. The building in August 1970 a fire in the 34-story ceiling wires caught fire, the fire spread first in the ceiling, wall, and then spread to furniture and wall insulation, a variety of plastic burning a lot of smoke, the combustion region temperature reaches 1200 ℃. Burn out building by more than 5 hours, 2 people died in the elevator due to flue gas poisoning, and other losses.
Visible, resulting in more than such a large economic losses and casualties one of the reasons is the decoration materials with flammability, building fire risk, once the source of fire or spark could ignite the decoration materials, interior decoration materials, resulting in the spread of fire, smoke and toxic gases generated is detrimental to the safe evacuation does not help the fire fighting. How to do the interior decoration of the fire prevention work, I discuss some of the following aspects.
First of all, we have the interior decoration of buildings for fire risk analysis. Extensive use of combustible, flammable decoration materials, which is the biggest problem in the decoration, and many hotels, a mall, dance halls and other places of public entertainment for the pursuit of luxury, style, Flammable and Combustible wallpaper, wall covering, wood wall decoration; flammable carpet surface decoration; flammable fabrics for curtains, curtain, libraries, cover, seat cover; plywood, fiberboard, cut off the decoration; sofa, bedding, a large number of the polyurethane foam. Combustible interior decoration will produce the following effects:
(A) combustible decoration increase the chances of building fires to accelerate the fire to reach a bang. Building of combustible decoration, such as combustible ceiling, dado wallpaper, baseboards, floors furniture, bedding curtains, partitions, etc., combustible items can be seen everywhere increase the probability of occurrence of the fire, once lit by the fire source, it will heat the surrounding decoration combustible materials and decomposition of large amounts of combustible gases, while improving the indoor temperature, indoor temperature reaches about 600 ℃, that is, there will be a unique building fire - crashing. The fire tests showed that the fire reach the crashing and indoor combustible decoration in direct proportion to growth. Crashing the time is short, it means that staff allow the evacuation time is short, short, early fire and the possibility of effective fire fighting. Therefore, we should maximize the use of non-combustible or flame retardant decoration materials, to reduce and control the fire.
(B) combustible interior decoration will encourage the spread of fire. Multi-layer, high-rise buildings in the event of fire combustible interior decoration is an important factor in the spread of fire, the fire can spread from the room into the corridor, along the ceiling and walls and floors, combustible decoration spread to the various types of shaft from the corridor, such as open stairways, elevator wells, tube wells, etc., to the upper spread. The fire from the external wall may also spread to the upper window, igniting the top of the curtains, screens, etc., so that the fire to expand.
(C) interior decoration room fire, smoke, toxic gases, causing serious casualties. According to British casualties caused by fire because statistics show that died of asphyxiation due to carbon monoxide poisoning or other toxic fumes smoked deceased usually accounts for 40% to 50% of the total number of deaths of fire, people were burned to death, most of the first poisoning, suffocation fainted after being burned to death. An early stage in the fire, due to the small number into the indoor air, incomplete combustion, coupled with the interior decoration materials, mostly polymer, smoke, toxic gases. The smoke from indoor fires reduced visibility of the room on fire, the impact of evacuation, gas poisoning people, causing no casualties.
(D) interior decoration indoor flammable, fire loss. The interior decoration materials, mostly flammable, combustible building renovations in the building indoor room fire burning time increased, the combustion temperature increases, the indoor with a certain fire resistance of building components burn collapse fire losses increase.
Seen by the above risk analysis in order to protect the fire safety of buildings, to prevent and reduce the incidence of building fires, reduce fire losses and fire protection design of interior decoration of buildings should properly deal with the effect of the decoration and the safe use of the contradictions, the active use of incombustible materials and flame resistance materials and avoid can produce a lot of smoke and toxic gases by burning materials to do the safe application of advanced technology, economic rationality. Should do the following two aspects:
First, a reasonable choice of interior decoration materials, on the basis that meet the technical specifications of the relevant state fire, not flammable and flame resistance possible under the premise of the beautiful decoration, decoration materials, their specific requirements are as follows points: 1 Ceiling: The ceiling of the important parts of the selection of non-burning of the light steel keel and gypsum board and other materials, not the ceiling of the general location or area of available fire endurance of 0.25 hours of flame retardant materials should not use the wooden keel and plywood ceiling, the ceiling of local sculpture, surface decoration technology needs, you can use the local plywood material, but it must be light steel keel plate on both sides need to make fireproof treatment; larger ceiling, internal should be separated; pipelines and facilities in the the ceiling, through the wall of the hole should be tightly blocked. Wall: large indoor, process or work in the decoration, decoration materials will be separated. In order to prevent the fire from spreading, you should use not less than the B1 level of non-burning material, such as gypsum board, mineral fiber board, decoration, sound absorption panels, flame retardant plywood. Wall: the wall decoration is generally to use wallpaper, It has beautiful, convenient construction, etc.. Therefore, many domestic and foreign construction interior decoration with wallpaper. Many types of wallpaper, such as textiles, wallpaper, vinyl wallpaper, chemical fiber wallpaper. However, the fire safety point of view should be used in the non-burning, difficult combustion or after fire wallpaper. Wall decoration The general requirement should be used Class A non-combustible decoration materials, it is noteworthy that the evacuation walkway, near the wall of the whole exports should avoid use of mirror glass for decoration, to avoid doubt and misunderstanding in case of emergency, . 4, the ground: the ground decoration should be not less than Class B1 flame decoration materials. Many of the buildings internal floors nylon carpet, foam pad under the carpet, this combination of carpet is not fire-resistant, but after a fire, but also produce large amounts of toxic smoke evacuation and fighting adverse security. And therefore should be the fire treatment, or more fire-resistant ground materials. Such as asbestos vinyl panels, flame retardant plywood, asbestos, plastic board and polyethylene asbestos plastic flooring etc.. At present, most of the computer room laying the wood floor activities, there are many telecommunications hub floor, the floor of the engine room of radio and television building fixed and the combination of the floor, very safe. Non-burning ground decoration materials, such as aluminum metal floor.
Second, reasonable electrical installation from the fire source to reduce the probability of occurrence of fire, is to avoid the interior decoration of one of the most effective way in the fire, to do the work of the following two aspects: one, the wire laying. Wire laying in accordance with national norms, and general wear tube surface or Concealed wire junction box should be closed treatment. The conductors shall not pass through or penetrate the duct. 2, the lighting installation. Lighting many different types, such as iodine-tungsten lamp and ring ceiling lamps, high pressure mercury lamp. These lamps generate high temperatures, some as high as 800 ℃. Therefore, during installation, lighting and interior decoration materials to maintain the distance should be not less than 50 cm, and can not be installed on a combustible building materials, and lighting should also be taken to the ventilation, cooling and other fire prevention measures.
Along with social progress, economic development, human spiritual life constantly colorful, more luxurious decoration, all kinds of new materials continue to emerge, the standard management of the renovation market, there have been many problems: 1, a large number of flammable, easy to decoration materials, fuel, this is the biggest problem in the decoration; 2, electrical equipment and wiring design and installation does not comply with fire safety requirements; 3, the quality is not high decoration, the decoration at the scene is chaotic;, construction interior decoration is not reported by the public security fire control institutions audit or unauthorized alterations to the audit opinion of the public security fire control institutions, and completion has not been inspected and put into use, resulting in left congenital Fire Trouble.
Fire hazards that exist in the above process of renovation and related issues, I put forward the following views and fire prevention measures.
(A) enhance the awareness of fire safety, step by step implementation of the security responsibility. Fire supervision departments from time to time the convening of the decoration department head meeting, and urge them to do a good job the fire safety awareness and fire decoration industry in the design, construction, supervision, completion of the acceptance and rational distribution of aspects to improve the decoration team technical level . Any renovation reasons and cause a fire accident, regardless of project or not, but also to trace the responsibility of the person in charge of construction team and related personnel, severely punished, using legal means to promote fire safety.
(B) rectify the renovation market, to strengthen the audit of the construction unit. The units engaged in the decoration and construction should take the initiative to the local public security and fire monitoring body registration, subject to review. The public security fire departments to the joint at all levels Construction Committee to investigate thoroughly the construction unit, in strict accordance with the requirements for review of the design qualification and the level of construction, the passer issued by the "fire construction permits, failed banned.
(C) strictly in accordance with the drawings in the audit of the fire department construction. Can not arbitrarily change the engineering and fire protection design, if it proves necessary to change, to be submitted to the audit department agrees. Building renovation work must be by public security and fire agencies for fire protection design review, the completion and acceptance. The audit staff of the fire agencies must be strictly in accordance with the existing norms of building fire protection design, the design of tall buildings, fire safety regulations, interior decoration of buildings for fire protection design specification for review and acceptance. Place owners should establish and improve a variety of fire safety systems, and distributed to the public cultural entertainment "fire safety inspection of the submissions to be put into use by the fire agencies acceptance.
(D) Fire and supervision departments at all levels to strengthen inspection. First, the larger more complex and more important projects, and examination and is responsible for the fire supervision and inspection departments in the construction of the mid-to site to check the best finished in the decoration of the main material of construction, wallpapering, posted mirror, coated with fire retardant paint the second before the renovation and concealed works cover two phases. Second, the supervision departments on the renovation works carried out random checks, to identify problems in time to point out to correct issued "notice of fire supervision and advice, if necessary, be ordered to correct.
(E) to strengthen the publicity on fire prevention education and to raise awareness of fire safety, improve the ability of self-defense self-help. Public security fire control institutions at least annually shall organize a public culture and entertainment owners and a staff fire safety training and education, but also the conduct of examinations for trainees distributed to public cultural and entertainment training certificate after passing the examination before posts. In addition, the entertainment at the opening before use to all their staff fire safety education and training, local fire agencies sent to help its staff the importance of clear to do the work of the fire, and enhance fire safety awareness, to understand fire risk, and understand the fire safety measures and know how to fire fighting methods, know how to escape the body to help themselves; checks, use of fire fighting equipment, alarms will be fighting since the beginning of fire, can also play the Fire video, sound recordings for publicity and education. To the fire-fighting to prepare the event of a fire quickly and effectively to stamp it out in the early stage. |
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